Background: The severity of oro-facial abnormalities varies from an individual with Down syndrome (DS) to another being very hard to predict how much a fetus/newborn will be affected as a child or an adult. DS has the highest incidence at birth as any chromosomal abnormality, and every pediatric dentist can expect to deal with some dental problems related to DS. The study provides insight into the pattern of oro-dental findings associated with chromosomal abnormality involved. Materials and Methods: Cytogenetic analysis of 51 persons with DS phenotype was performed. The oro-dental findings were described performing the complete extra- and intra-oral examinations and radiological evaluations. Results: Karyotype examinations revealed three types of chromosomal abnormalities: Free/full trisomy 21, translocation, and mosaicism. Most of the oro-dental findings including teeth, gingiva, tongue, palate, and occlusal anomalies were variable in both frequency and expression showing no differences between standard and nonstandard trisomies (P > 0.05). The most common dental anomaly was hypodontia followed by microdontia. All patients presented occlusal problems. The eruption of both dentitions was delayed in most cases. Full trisomy 21 is not correlated with more severe anomalies and cannot be considered a significant risk factor. Conclusions: Despite the fact that cytogenetic analysis plays an important role in the diagnosis of DS, it was not helpful to predict the severity of oro-dental features. The study highlighted the individual combinations of developmental anomalies in DS people and the individual dental problems associated with DS. The study supports the special oral health services for DS people.

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Medicinal plants have been used since ancient times for the treatment of different diseases. Natural sources are one of the important fields of research for preventing immunological complications. Using herbal medicine has decreased as the result of the development of chemical drugs. This review aimed to study herbal medicine regarding the oral cavity. English literature was searched with the terms "herbal medicine and oral cavity" in two data bases of PubMed, and Google scholar among published studies from 2000 to 2015. All review articles, original articles, case reports, and case series were evaluated. This study found that many herbs are used in the treatment of diseases, among which many do not have any side effects. Herbal medicine is a complementary/alternative effective therapy for several diseases. Despite the development of many chemical drugs, using herbal medicine is highly demanded.

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Background: Oral recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common ulcer that clinician should be managed. It entails approximately 10-20% of people regarding the geographic and genetic pattern of society. Some literatures reported RAS episodes in Stressful events. Patients experience repeating cycle of aphthous, pain, and recurrence. Stress and inheritance as a crucial factor on RAS incidence was studied. This study aimed to assess the effect of stress on incidence of oral aphthous ulcer between girl students. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive analytic study, 248 female students from Yazd high schools were evaluated, before and after a period of stress. Informed consent was taken before oral examination. Results: About 248 students were partaken, only 62 persons had RAS which 32 had positive parental involvement. Correlation between familial history and experience of RAS was significant. (P < 0.001). According to the data, stress had considerable effect on RAS incidence with 67.7%. Aphthous incidence was significantly different (P < 0.001). Conclusion: RAS prevalence was about 25% in the society and considerable impact of stressful events on incidence ratio was released.

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Background: Dental composite formulations have been evolving ever since bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate was introduced to dentistry by Bowen in 1962. Dental restorative composite materials can be divided into direct composite (directly placed into the oral cavity and cured) and indirect composite (externally fabricated and cured by means of light and/or heat). Indirect composites are also referred as prosthetic composites or laboratory composites. Materials and Methods: Two commercially available indirect resin materials and human enamel (control). Human enamel specimen taken from buccal surface of extracted third molars was used as control in this study. Buccal cusp of maxillary premolars (extracted for orthodontic purpose) was used as an antagonist in this study. 10 samples of 15 mm diameter and 2 mm of thickness were prepared in the custom fabricated metal die. All the test and control specimens were stored in distilled water for 7 days before the wear test. After initial weight measurement, the specimens were subjected to wear simulation. Results: All samples exhibited a loss of weight after wear simulation . The value of 't' in t-test for percentage weight loss of Ceramage and control was calculated to be −4.32, P < 0.001, indicating that there is statistically significant difference in percentage weight loss between Ceramage and control. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it was found that all samples exhibited a loss of weight and an increase in surface roughness after wear simulation process.

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Background: This study evaluates the stress distribution and force distribution on the surrounding bones in ball and locator attachments in bone level and tissue level implants. Materials and Methods: Primarily scan of training GOS model, fabricated denture, ball, and locator attachments was prepared. After assembling dens point clouds in CATIA V5R21 software, two bone level implants and two tissue level implants were inserted into the computer modeling of the mandible and for both, ball and locator attachments were applied. 100 N/cm occlusal load was applied on incisor, canine, and first molar areas. Modes were analyzed in ABAQUS 6.13 and the map of force distribution and numerical values were obtained. Results: The highest obtained von Mises numerical value belongs to ball attachments of bone level implants in molar areas (11.14 Mpa). The highest amount of stress for ball attachments was from hex to first thread area. Numerical values of transferred stress to the hex and first thread of screw in ball attachments were higher than locator attachments. The highest numerical value of von Mises was belongs to locator attachments of tissue level implants. Conclusions: Given the limitation of this study, it is cleared that the probability of overloading and screw fracture in ball attachments is more than locator attachments and also in bone level implants is more than tissue level implants. While the transferred force to the bone in locator attachments is higher than ball attachments and also it is higher in tissue level compared to bone level implants.

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Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a benign epithelial odontogenic tumor which accounts for 1% of all the odontogenic tumors. The extraosseous presentation of CEOT is seen in only 6% of its cases. Histopathologically CEOT presents with sheets and islands of polyhedral cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and well-defined borders and intercellular bridges. Eosinophilic amyloid material and calcifications either focal or liesegang rings are noted in most cases. Rarely, clear cells are noted among these epithelial cells. The aim of this report was to conduct an extensive search of literature to locate, appraise and congregate data available regarding extraosseous CEOTs with clear cells and also to report one such rare case.

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Dentistry is a profession that involves a constant risk of exposure to various environmental and human infectious agents that are transferred through blood, oral, oropharyngeal secretions, air, and water. The water that is delivered through dental unit during oral health-care procedures has recently become a public concern. "Is the water that travels through the dental unit handpiece and the air-water syringes is safe!!." This article highlights the importance and quality of water that travels through the tubing, which if not maintained properly can endanger the health of both dental professional and their patients and various measures to refrain from this infection are also discussed.

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Background: Erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er: YAG) laser for preparing dentinal surface alters dentin morphological characteristics which may interfere with bonding. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different Er: YAG laser energy levels on shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to primary tooth dentin and to assess the morphological appearance of dentin by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 48 primary molars were sectioned mesio-distally (96 samples). About 64 sound buccal or lingual surfaces were randomly divided into 4 groups of 16 samples. Superficial dentin of buccal or lingual surfaces were exposed and polished up to 600-grit of silicon carbide paper. Dentinal surfaces were irradiated with different Er: YAG laser energy levels of 100, 200, 300 mJ/10 Hz. Sixteen specimens were not irradiated to serve as control. The Single Bond adhesive was applied over the acid-etched dentinal surfaces for all tested groups and composite resin cylinders were bonded to the samples. Following thermocycling, SBS of composite resin to dentin were measured and statistical analyses were done using ANOVA and least significant difference tests. For morphological analysis, specimens were examined by SEM. Results: The mean SBS was 15.72 ± 4.05, 23.04 ± 2.81, 34.57 ± 9.63 and 38.39 ± 8.15 megapascals in control, 100, 200, and 300 mJ groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in SBS of 200 and 300 mJ laser energies. SEM images showed that etching after Er: YAG laser irradiation left no smear layer and a few scaly and irregular surfaces were observed, with the widening of dentinal tubules openings. Conclusion: Power output of 200 and 300 mJ in primary tooth dentin preparation yielded highest bond strength but 200 mJ was safer and more effective.

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The success of endodontic therapy is a consequence of the cleaning and disinfection, followed by a complete root filling. The endodontic morphology characteristics are related to the frequency of number, location, direction, and shape that can determine the therapeutic success. The knowledge of root internal anatomy is essential for the localization of all the root canals and properly treatment. The aim of this study was to describe an endodontic surgical complementation with mineral trioxide aggregate based cement filling of a premolar with anatomical variation with 32-month follow-up.

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Challenging clinical situations require additional resources for the development of diagnosis, and consequently, improved prognosis teeth morphological variations are a constant challenge for diagnosis and successful endodontic therapy. A well-conducted clinical examination is decisive and sovereign in the diagnosis. However, an isolated segment is not base to this process. A set of associated clinical and complementary examinations, among these, the analysis through images are responsible for diagnosis. To obtain essential information in clinical endodontics, cone- beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging can be used in all phases of treatment including diagnosis, treatment planning, during the treatment phase, and through post-treatment assessment and follow-up. CBCT constitutes as an essential modality image provided by the three-dimensional spatial relationships, thus facilitating the visualization of anatomical structures, forming proper image geometry and contrast, and allow a diagnosis with greater depth of detail.

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