The advancement of restorative materials and techniques continues to enhance the clinical success of numerous restorative procedures. Despite these new innovations, microleakage persists as one of the main causes of restoration failure. Microleakage tests provide useful information on the performance of restorative materials, and different techniques for assessing microleakage have been developed and used. These tests include the use of dyes, radioactive isotopes, air pressure, bacteria, neutron activation analysis, and artificial caries. However, little has been done to determine the cause, mechanism, and nature of microleakage. Therefore, this review outlines and discusses the currently available microleakage assessment tools.

Aims: The aim of the study was to assess caries prevalence among 6–9-year old children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and to compare between results based on nationality, grade levels, and location of residence. Materials and Methods: A total of 1844 male students from 17 public male primary schools in Riyadh city were examined according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria. The decayed-missing-filled teeth (dmft) index and its components were measured. One-way analysis of variance, Student's t-test, and Chi-square test were used to determine the significance differences, at α = 0.05. Results: The overall mean of the decayed teeth (dt) for all children was 3.15 (standard deviation [SD]: 3.36) which increased to 4.57 (SD: 3.14) when excluding children without active caries. The mean dmft score was 4.30 (SD: 3.87) which raised to 5.37 (SD: 3.60) following excluding caries-free children (dmft = 0). The caries prevalence was 80.15%. Although the non-Saudi children showed slightly fewer values compared to Saudi children, there were no statistically significant differences in all values (P > 0.05). The dmft index score was higher for second grade (4.42, SD: 3.78), followed by third grade (4.26, SD: 3.54) and first grade (4.24, SD: 4.19). However, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). The dmft values ranged between 2.69 (SD: 3.25) for Central and 5.0 (SD: 4.13) for West of Riyadh. The ascending order was Central < North < East < South < West. Conclusions: This study supports the high prevalence of caries among children of this age group necessitating the urgent need for effective community-based preventive programs.

Aims: Determining the best restorative material to decrease microleakage in Class V restorations is of great importance in operative dentistry. This in vitro study compared the microleakage of a low-shrinkage silorane-based composite with two methacrylate-based composites in different depths of cavity in enamel and dentin. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities, with the length and width of 3 mm but two different depths of 1 and 1.5 mm, were prepared in the buccal surface of 72 extracted human premolars. Each group was randomly divided into three subgroups of 12 specimens. In Subgroup 1, enamel was etched with 37.5% phosphoric acid and cavities were restored with silorane-based resin composite (Filtek P90) with its dedicated adhesive system (P90 system adhesive). In Subgroups 2 and 3, the cavities were etched and restored with methacrylate-based resin composites (Point 4, with OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive and Filtek Z250 XT with Single Bond Universal adhesive). All the specimens were thermocycled and then immersed in 0.5% methylene blue for 24 h at 37°C, next were sectioned for taking digital photographs and were evaluated with Adobe Photoshop 8 software, with magnification of ×20. The results were subjected to Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests (P = 0.05). Results: All the three materials utilized in this study exhibited some degree of leakage. There were no significant differences between Filtek P90 and two methacrylate-based composite resins (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the results showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between preparations with different depths (P > 0.05); however, microleakage in enamel margins was significantly lower than dentin margins (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Silorane was not superior to the methacrylate-based composites in terms of microleakage. No significant relationship was found between the depth of cavities and the degree of microleakage, but microleakage was higher in dentinal margins.

Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the oral health attitudes and behavior among health professionals (dentists, physicians, nurses, technicians, and pharmacists) working in Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, using Hiroshima University Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study evaluated the oral health attitudes and behavior of health professionals working in PSMMC in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A convenient sample of 500 health professionals, such as dentists, physicians, nurses, technicians, and pharmacists working in the PSMMC, Riyadh, was considered for the study. This study used the HU-DBI created by Kawamura to measure oral health attitudes and behaviors among health professionals working in PSMMC. All the data analysis for this study were carried out using IBM-SPSS, version 21.0. Results: A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed among health professionals in PSMMC, Riyadh, and all of the questionnaires were filled and returned back. Thus, a response rate of 100% was obtained. Among all the health professionals considered in the study, highest mean HU-DBI score was observed among pharmacists (6.09 ± 0.85) and dentists (6.08 ± 0.62), followed by physicians (6.06 ± 0.96), technicians (5.90 ± 0.93), and nurses (5.39 ± 1.33). Conclusion: Based on the findings from this study, in general, health professionals considered from PSMMC showed fair oral health attitudes and behaviors as measured by using HU-DBI.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare postcementation sensitivity under Class II composite inlay with three different luting cements. Materials and Methods: A comparative prospective study was carried out in 45 patients age ranged from 18 to 28 years for 2 years, who fulfilled the criteria. Clinically and radiographically, presence of mild initial dental caries on proximal surface of maxillary and mandibular first molar. Tooth preparation for composite inlay was performed and composite inlay restorations were made by indirect technique. Three different luting cements were used for cementation of composite inlay. Cold water test, compressed air test, and biting pressure test were used to measure the tooth sensitivity in this study. Results: As per the findings of this study, there was no significant difference between all the three groups immediately after cementation. We noted a significant difference between Group I and Group III and Group I and Group II and Group II and Group III after 1 and 6 months. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, we concluded that restorations cemented with self-adhesive resin cements showed least postoperative sensitivity followed by Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) and GIC has the highest sensitivity at all intervals of time evaluated using different tests.

Introduction: Panoramic radiography is frequently used for dental diagnosis and treatment planning. While smallest radiation exposure also being harmful to patients, every attempt must be made to reduce it as much as possible. Aims: The aim of the study was to assess effects of dose reduction on image quality of panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: The sample of 75 patients was selected from the patients coming at the outpatient department of the institute. Two panoramic radiographs were taken for each patient. A total of 150 panoramic radiographs were taken which were evaluated by two blinded observers for image quality. Results: Statistically nonsignificant difference was found between the image qualities of radiographs of the same patient with recommended exposures and those with altered exposure. Conclusion: Dose reduction did not cause significant loss of image quality using digital panoramic radiography machine when the dose was reduced by 36% by decreasing exposure time only.

Oligodontia is one of the developmental disturbances seen in human with more than six congenitally missing teeth. Two forms of oligodontia which exist are the syndromic form and the nonsyndromic form. Mutation or deletion of MSX and PAX genes are implicated in oligodontia. Missing teeth often compromises patient's esthetics, function, and causes mental stress. Here, we highlight a rare case report of a nonsyndromic form of oligodontia with concomitant dental anomalies like taurodontism in maxillary permanent first molar and congenitally missing canine in a 17-year-old apparently normal Chinese male patient.

The success of anterior esthetic rehabilitation depends on the resolution of initial esthetic issues, patient satisfaction, and good integration of the restoration with the surrounding tooth and soft tissues. Porcelain laminate veneers are thin facings of ceramic that have evolved since 1983 to become the esthetic alternative to full coverage restorations. By the advent of new materials and techniques based on the principles of adhesive dentistry, extremely minimal preparation with enamel preservation has improved and offered best results. This article focuses on the esthetic improvement of patients with diastema, fluorosis, and discolored teeth using porcelain laminate veneers.